2017-2018 CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Business Studies Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Unit Topic Marks
Part A Foundations of Business  
1. Nature and Purpose of Business 20
2. Forms of Business Organisations
3. Public, Private and Global Enterprises 18  
4. Business Service
5. Emerging Modes of Business 12
6. Social Responsibility and Business Ethics
Part B Finance and Trade  
7. Sources of Business Finance 20 
8. Small Business
9. Internal Trade 20  
10. International Business
11. Project Work 10 
  Total  100 

Unit 1: Nature and Purpose of Business

  • Concept and characteristics of business.
  • Business, profession and employment - Meaning and their distinctive features.
  • Objectives of business - Economic and social, role of profit in business.
  • Classification of business activities: Industry and Commerce.
  • Industry - types: primary, secondary, tertiary - Meaning and sub types.
  • Commerce - trade: types (internal, external, wholesale and retail; and auxiliaries to trade: banking, insurance, transportation, warehousing, communication, and advertising.
  • Business risks - Meaning, nature and causes.

Unit 2: Forms of Business organizations

  • Sole Proprietorship - meaning, features, merits and limitations.
  • Partnership - Features, types, merits and limitations of partnership and partners, registration of a partnership firm, partnership deed. Type of partners.
  • Hindu Undivided Family Business: features.
  • Cooperative Societies- features, types, merits and limitations.
  • Company: private and public company -features, merits and limitations.
  • Formation of a company- four stages, important document (MOA, AOA, relevances of certificate of incorporation and certificate of commencement.
  • Starting a business - Basic factors.

Unit 3: Public, Private and Global Enterprises

  • Private sector and public sector enterprises.
  • Forms of public sector enterprises: features, merits and limitations of departmental undertakings, statutory corporation and Government Company.
  • Changing role of public sector enterprises.
  • Global enterprises, Joint ventures, Public Private Partnership - Features

Unit 4: Business Services

  • Banking: Types of bank accounts- savings, current, recurring, fixed deposit and multiple option deposit account.
  • Banking services with particular reference to issue of bank draft, banker's cheque (pay order), RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement) NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer), bank overdraft, cash credits and e- banking.
  • Insurance: principles, concept of life, health, fire and marine insurance.
  • Postal and telecom services: mail (UPC, registered post, parcel, speed post and courier) and other services.

Unit 5: Emerging Modes of Business

  • E-business - scope and benefits, resources required for successful e-business implementation, online transactions, payment mechanism, security and safety of business transactions.
  • Outsourcing-concept, need and scope of BPO (business process outsourcing) and KPO (knowledge process outsourcing).
  • Smart cards and ATM's meaning and utility

Unit 6: Social Responsibility of Business and Business Ethics

  • Concept of social responsibility
  • Case for social responsibility
  • Responsibility towards owners, investors, consumers, employees, government and community
  • Environment protection and business

Unit 7: Sources of Business Finance

  • Concept of business finance
  • Owner's funds - equity shares, preference share, GDR, ADR, IDR and retained earnings.
  • Borrowed funds: debentures and bonds, loan from financial institution, loans from commercial banks, public deposits, trade credit, ICD (inter corporate deposits).

Unit 8: Small Business

  • Small scale enterprise as defined by MSMED Act 2006 (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development Act).
  • Role of small business in India with special reference to rural areas.
  • Government schemes and agencies for small scale industries: (National Small Industries Corporation) and DIC (District Industrial Center) with special reference to rural, backward and hilly areas.

Unit 9: Internal Trade

  • Services rendered by a wholesaler and a retailer
  • Types of retail - trade - Itinerant and small scale fixed shops
  • Large scale retailers - Departmental stores, chain stores, mail order business
  • Concept of automatic vending machine
  • Chambers of Commerce and Industry: Basic functions
  • Main documents used in internal trade: Performa invoice, invoice, debit note, credit note. LR (Lorry receipt) and RR (Railway Receipt)
  • Terms of Trade: COD (Cash on Delivery), FOB (Free on Board), CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight), E&OE (Errors and Omissions Excepted)

Unit 10: International Trade

  • Meaning, difference between internal trade and external trade: Meaning and characteristics of international trade.
  • Problems of international trade: Advantages and disadvantages of international trade
  • Export Trade - Meaning, objective and procedure of Export Trade
  • Import Trade - Meaning, objective and procedure: Meaning and functions of import trade; purpose and procedure
  • Documents involved in International Trade; documents involved in export trade, indent, letter of credit, shipping order, shipping bills, mate's receipt, bill of lading, certificate of origin, consular invoice, documentary bill of exchange (DA/DP), specimen, importance
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) meaning and objective

2017-2018 CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Biotechnology Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Units  Topics  Marks 
Unit - I  Biotechnology: An overview 5 
Unit - II  Molecules of Life 20 
Unit - III  Genes & Genomes 20 
Unit - IV Cells and Organisms 25
Practicals 30

Unit-I: Biotechnology: An overview

Chapter 1: Introduction to Biotechnology
Historical Perspectives; Production Strategies in Biotechnology; Quality Control; Product Safety; Good Manufacturing Practices; Good Laboratory Practices; Intellectual Property; Public Perception; Global market; Biotechnology in India and Global Trends

Unit-II: Molecules of Life

Chapter 1: Biomolecules: Building Blocks
Building Blocks of Carbohydrates - Sugars and Their Derivatives; Building Blocks of Proteins - Amino Acids; Building Blocks of Lipids - Simple Fatty Acids, Sphingosine, Glycerol and Cholesterol; Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides; Biochemical Transformations
Chapter 2: Macromolecules: Structure & Function
Carbohydrates - The Energy Givers; Proteins - The Performers; Enzymes - The Catalysts; Lipids and Biomembranes - The Barriers; Nucleic Acids - The Managers

Unit III: Genes & Genomes

Chapter 1: Gene Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Components; Tissues and Organs; Stem cells; Biodiversity; Organization of Life
Chapter 2: Genomes Organization & Function
Cell Division; Cell Cycle; Cell Communication; Movement; Nutrition; Gaseous Exchanges; Internal Transport; Maintaining the Internal Enviornment; Reproduction; In vitro Fertilization; Animal and Plant Development; Immune Response in Animals; Programmed Cell Death; Defense Mechanisms in Plants

Unit IV: Cells and Organisms

Chapter 1: Cells: The Basic Unit of Life
Historical Perspective; Multiple Alleles; Linkage and Crossing Over; Genetic Mapping; Gene Interaction; Sex-Linked Inheritance; Extranuclear Inheritance; Quantitative Inheritance; Genes at Population Level; Discovery of DNA as Genetic Material; Mutations; DNA Repair; Genetic Disorders
Chapter 2: Organisms: Structure & Dynamics
Genome Organization; DNA Replication; Fine Structure of Genes; From Gene to Protein; Transcription - The Basic Process; Genetic Code; Translation; Regulation of Gene Expression

PRACTICALS

  1. Preparation of buffers and pH determination
  2. Sterlization techniques
  3. Preparation of bacterial growth medium
  4. Isolation of bacteria from curd and staining of bacteria
  5. Determination of bacterial growth curve
  6. Study of various stages of mitosis and calculation of mitotic index
  7. Preparation of karyotyping
  8. Cell counting
  9. Isolation of genomic DNA
  10. Detection of DNA by gel electrophoresis
  11. Isolation of milk protein (Casein)
  12. Estimation of protein by biuret method
  13. Assaying the enzyme acid phosphate

2017-2018 CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Biology Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Unit Title Marks
1. Diversity of Living Organisms 7
2. Structural Organisation in Plants & Animals 11
3. Cell: Structure and Function 15
4. Plant Physiology 17 
5. Human Physiology (A) - Section for OTBA
Human Physiology (B)
 *10+10
  Total  70
*This section will be assesed through OTBA only.

Unit I: Diversity of Living Organism

Chapter-1: The Living World
What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomy-museums, zoological parks, herbaria, botanical gardens.
Chapter-2: Biological Classification
Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups: Lichens, Viruses and Viroids.
Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Angiospermae (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms - classification upto class, characteristic features and examples.
Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom
Salient features and classification of animals non chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class level (three to five salient features and at least two examples of each category).
 (No live animals or specimen should be displayed.)

Unit 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants
Morphology and modifications: Tissues
Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).
Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals
Animal tissues: Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (a brief account only)

Unit 3: Cell Structure and Function

Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life: Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles - structure and function; endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
Chapter-9: Biomolecules
Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, types, properties, enzyme action.
Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

Unit 4: Plant Physiology

Chapter-11: Transport in Plants
Transport in plants; Movement of water, gases and nutrients; cell to cell transport, Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water relations, Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; long distance transport of water - Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; transpiration, opening and closing of stomata;Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients - Transport of food, phloem transport, massflow hypothesis; diffusion of gases.
Chapter-12: Mineral Nutrition
Essential minerals, macro- and micronutrients and their role; deficiency symptoms; mineral toxicity; elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.
Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Photosynthesis as a mean of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.
Chapter-14: Respiration in Plants
Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient.
Chapter-15: Plant - Growth and Development
Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell; growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalisation; photoperiodism.

Unit 5: Human Physiology (A)

Chapter-16: Digestion and Absorption
Alimentary canal and digestive glands, role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; calorific values of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive disorders - PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea.
Chapter-17: Breating and Exchange of Gases
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, respiratory volume; disorders related to respiration - asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders.
Chapter-18: Body Fluids and Circulation
Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system - hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.

Human Physiology (B)

Chapter-19: Excretory Products and Their Elimination
Modes of excretion - ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system - structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function - renin - angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders - uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney.
Chapter-20: Locomotion and Movement
Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle-contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal system - myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout.
Chapter-21: Neural Control and Coordination
Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system; peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception; sense organs; elementary structure and functions of eye and ear.
Chapter-22: Chemical Coordination and Integration
Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system - hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary Idea); role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo - and hyperactivity and related disorders; dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addision's disease.

2017-2018 CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Accountancy Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Unit Topic Marks 
Part A Financial Accounting - I
1. Theoretical Framework 15 
2. Accounting Process 35 
Part B Financial Accounting - II
3. Financial Statements of Sole Proprietorship 15
4. Financial Statements of Non-Profits 15 
5. Computers in Accounting 10 
Part C Project Work 10 
Total Marks 100 

Part A: Financial Accounting - I (50 Marks)

Unit 1: Theoretical Framework

Introduction to Accounting
  • Accounting: objectives, advantages and limitations, types of accounting information; users of accounting information and their needs.
  • Basic accounting terms: business transaction, account, capital, drawings, liability (Non - current and current); asset (Non - current; tangible and intangible assets and current assets), receipts (capital and revenue), expenditure (capital, revenue and deferred), expense, income, profits, gains and losses, purchases, purchases returns, sales, sales returns, stock, trade receivables (debtors and bills receivable), trade payables (creditors and bills payable), goods, cost, vouchers, discount - trade and cash.
Theory Base of Accounting
  • Fundamental accounting assumptions: going concern, consistency, and accrual.
  • Accounting principles: accounting entity, money measurement, accounting period, full disclosure, materiality, prudence, cost concept, matching concept and dual aspect.
  • Bases of accounting - cash basis and accrual basis.
  • Accounting Standards and IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards): Concept and Objectives

Unit 2: Accounting Process

Recording of Transactions
  • Accounting equation: analysis of transactions using accounting equation.
  • Rules of debit and credit: for assets, liabilities, capital, revenue and expenses
  • Origin of transactions- source documents (invoice, cash memo, pay in slip, cheque), preparation of vouchers - cash (debit and credit) and non cash (transfer).
  • Books of original entry: format and recording - Journal.
  • Cash Book: Simple Cash Book, Cash Book with Discount Column and Cash Book with Bank and Discount Columns, Petty Cash Book.
  • Other books: purchases book, sales book, purchases returns book, sales returns book and journal proper.
Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement, Ledger and Trial Balance.
  • Bank reconciliation statement- calculating bank balance at accounting date: need and preparation. Corrected cash book balance.
  • Ledger - format, posting from journal, cash book and other special purpose books, balancing of accounts.
  • Trial balance: objectives and preparation
(Scope: Trial Balance with balance method only)
Depreciation, Provisions and Reserves
  • Depreciation: concept need and factors affecting depreciation; methods of computation of depreciation: straight line method, written down value method (excluding change in method)
  • Accounting treatment of depreciation: by charging to asset account, by creating provision for depreciation/ accumulated depreciation account, treatment of disposal of asset.
  • Provisions and reserves: concept, objectives and difference between provisions and reserves; types of reserves- revenue reserve, capital reserve, general reserve and specific reserves.
Accounting for Bills of Exchange
  • Bills of exchange and promissory note: definition, features, parties, specimen and distinction.
  • Important terms : term of bill, due date, days of grace, date of maturity, discounting of bill, endorsement of bill, bill sent for collection, dishonour of bill, noting of bill, retirement and renewal of a bill.
  • Accounting treatment of bill transactions.
Rectification of Errors
  • Errors: types-errors of omission, commission, principles, and compensating; their effect on Trial Balance.
  • Detection and rectification of errors; preparation of suspense account.

Part B: Financial Accounting - II (40 Marks)

Unit 3: Financial Statements of Sole Proprietorship

  • Financial Statements: objective and importance.
  • Profit and loss account: gross profit, operating profit and net profit.
  • Balance Sheet: need, grouping, marshalling of assets and liabilities.
  • Adjustments in preparation of financial statements : with respect to closing stock, outstanding expenses, prepaid expenses, accrued income, income received in advance, depreciation, bad debts, provision for doubtful debts, provision for discount on debtors, manager's commission, abnormal loss, goods taken for personal use and goods distributed as free samples.
  • Preparation of Trading and Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet of sole proprietorship.
  • Incomplete records: use and limitations. Ascertainment of profit/loss by statement of affairs method.

Unit 4: Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations

  • Not-for-profit organizations: concept.
  • Receipts and Payment account: features.
  • Income and Expenditure account: features. Preparation of Income and Expenditure account and Balance Sheet from the given Receipts and Payments account with additional information.
Scope:
  1. Adjustments in a question should not exceed 3 or 4 in number and restricted to subscriptions, consumption of consumables, and sale of assets/ old material.
  2. Entrance/ admission fees and general donations are to be treated as revenue receipts.
  3. Trading Account of incidental activities is not to be prepared.

Unit 5: Computers in Accounting

  • Introduction to Computer and Accounting Information System {AIS}: Introduction to computers (Elements, Capabilities, Limitations of Computer system),
  • Introduction to operating software, utility software and application software. Introduction to Accounting Information System (AIS), as a part of MIS
  • Automation of Accounting Process. Meaning
  • Stages in automation (a) Accounting process in a computerised environment (Comparison between manual accounting process and Computerised accounting process.) (b) Sourcing of accounting Software (Kinds of software: readymade software; customised software and tailor-made software; Generic Considerations before sourcing accounting software)(c) Creation of Account groups and hierarchy ( d) Generation of reports -Trial balance, Profit and Loss account and Balance Sheet.
Scope:
  • The scope of the unit is to understand accounting as an information system for the generation of accounting information and preparation of accounting reports.
  • It is presumed that the working knowledge of Tally software will be given to the students for the generation of accounting software. For this, the teachers may refer Chapter 4 of Class XII NCERT textbook on Computerized Accounting System.

Part C: Project Work (10 Marks)

Any One:
  1. Collection of Source Documents,Preparation of Vouchers, Recording of Transactions with the help of vouchers.
  2. Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement with the given cash book and the pass book with twenty to twenty-five transactions.
  3. Comprehensive project starting with journal entries regarding any sole proprietorship business, posting them to the ledger and preparation of Trial balance.The students will then prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account on the basis of the prepared trial balance. Expenses, incomes and profit (loss) are to be depicted using pie chart / bar diagram.

2017-2018 CBSE Class X 10th Syllabus - Social Science Class 10 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Unit Topic Term I Term II
I India and the Contemporary World - II 23 23 
II Contemporary India - II 23 23 
III Democratic Politics - II  22  22 
IV Understanding Economic Development 22  22 
V Disaster Management - -
  Total  90 90
The formative assessment will comprise of Projects, assignments, activities and Class Tests/periodic tests. The Summative assessment will comprise of Theory paper as per the prescribed design of the Question Paper.

Unit 1: India and the Contemporary World - II

In Sub-unit 1.1 you are required to choose any two themes. In that sub-unit, theme 3 is compulsory and for second theme you are required to choose any one from the first two themes. In Sub Units 1.2 and 1.3 you are required to choose any one theme from each. Thus, you are required to study four themes in all.
Term I
Sub-unit 1.2: Livelihoods, Economies and Societies
Any one of the following themes:
4. The making of Global World: (a) Contrast between the form of industrialization in Britain and India. (b) Relationship between handicrafts and industrial production, formal and informal sectors. (c) Livelihood of workers. Case studies : Britain and India. (Chapter 4)
5. The Age of Indutrialisation: (a) Patterns of urbanization (b) Migration and the growth of towns. (c) Social change and urban life. (d) Merchants, middle classes, workers and urban poor. (Chapter 5)
Case Studies: London and Bombay in the nineteenth and twentieth century.
6. Work, Life and Leisure: (a) Expansion and integration of the world market in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. (b) Trade and economy between the two Wars. (c) Shifts after the 1950s. (d) Implications of globalization for livelihood patterns.
Case study: The post War International Economic order, 1945 to 1960s. (Chapter 6)
Sub-unit 1.3 : Everyday Life, Culture and Politics
Any one of the following themes:
7. Print Culture and the Modern World: (a) The history of print in Europe. (b) The growth of press in nineteenth century India. (c) Relationship between print culture, public debate and politics. (Chapter 7)
8. Novels, Society and History: (a) Emergence of the novel as a genre in the west. (b) The relationship between the novel and changes in modern society. (c) Early novels in nineteenth century India. (d) A study of two or three major writers. (Chapter 8)
Term II
Sub-unit 1.1: Events and processes:
Any two of the following themes:
1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: (a) The growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s. (b) The ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini, etc. (c) General characteristics of the movements in Poland, Hungary, Italy, Germany and Greece. (Chapter 1)
2. The Nationalist Movement in Indo - China: Factors Leading to Growth of Nationalism in India (a) French colonialism in Indo-China. (b) Phases of struggle against the French. (c) The ideas of Phan Dinh Phung, Phan Boi Chau, Nguyen Ac Quoc (d) The second world war and the liberation struggle. (e) America and the second Indo-China war. (Chapter 2)
3. Nationalism in India: (a) First world war, Khilafat, Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement. (b) Salt Satyagraha. (c) Movements of peasants, workers, tribals. (d) Activities of different political groups. (Chapter 3)
Map work based on theme 3 only. (3 marks)

Unit 2: Contemporary India - II

Term I
1. Resources and Development: Types - natural and human; Need for resource planning, natural resources, land as a resource, soil types and distribution; changing land-use pattern; land degradation and conservation measures. (Chapter 1)
2. Forest and Wild Life Resources: Types and distribution, depletion of flora and fauna; conservation and protection of forest and wild life. (Chapter 2)
3. Water Resources: Sources, distribution, utilisation, multi-purpose projects, water scarcity, need for conservation and management, rainwater harvesting. (One case study to be introduced) (Chapter 3)
4. Agriculture: Types of farming, major crops, cropping pattern, technological and institutional reforms; their impact; contribution of Agriculture to national economy - employment and output. (Chapter 4)
Map work [3  marks]
Term II
5. Minerals and Energy Resources: Types of minerals, distribution, use and economic importance of minerals, conservation, types of power resources: conventional and nonconventional, distributionand utilization, and conservation. (Chapter 5)
6. Manufacturing Industries: Types, spatial distribution, contributionof industries to the national economy, industrial pollution and degradation of environment, measures to control degradation. (One case study to be introduced) (Chapter 7) 
7. Life Lines of National Economy (Chapter 8)
Map Work [3 marks]

Unit 3: Democratic Politics - II

Term I
1 & 2. Power Sharing & Federalism: Why and how is power shared in democracies? How has federal division of power in India helped national unity? To what extent has decentralisation achievedthis objective? How does democracy accommodate different social groups?(Chapter 1 & 2)
3 & 4. Democracy and Diversity & Gender Religion and Caste: Are divisions inherent to the working of democracy? What has been the effect of caste on politics and of politics on caste? How has the gender division shaped politics? How do communal divisions affect democracy? (Chapter 3 & 4)
Term II
5 & 6. Popular Struggles and Movements & Political Parties: How do struggles shape democracy in favour of ordinary people? What role do political parties playin competition and contestation? Which are the major national and regional parties in India? Why have social movements come to occupy large role in politics? (Chapter 5 & 6)
7. Outcomes of Democracy: Can or should democracy be judged by its outcomes? What outcomes can one reasonably expect of democracies? Does democracy in India meet these expectations? Has democracy led to development, security and dignity for the people? What sustains democracy in India? (Chapter 7) 
8. Challenges to Democracy: Is the idea of democracy shrinking? What are the major challenges to democracy in India? How can democracy be reformed and deepened? What role can an ordinary citizen play in deepening democracy? (Chapter 8)

Unit 4: Understanding Economic Development

Term I
1. Development: The traditional notion of development; National Income and Per-capita Income. Growth of NI - critical appraisal of existing development indicators (PCI, IMR, SR and other income and health indicators) The need for health and educational development; Human Development Indicators (in simple and brief as a holistic measure of development.
The approach to this theme: Use case study of three states (Kerala, Punjab and Bihar) or take a few countries (India, China, Sri Lanka and one developed country) (Chapter 1)
2. Sectors of the Indian Economy: Sectors of Economic Activities; Historical change in sectors; Rising importance of tertiary sector; Employment Generation; Division of SectorsOrganised and Unorganised; Protective measures for unorganised sector workers. (Chapter 2)
Term II
3. Money and Credit: Role of money in an economy: Historical origin; Formal and Informal financial institutions for Savings and Credit - General Introduction; Select one formal institution such as a nationalized commercial bank and a few informal institutions; Local money lenders, landlords, self help groups, chit funds and private finance companies. (Chapter 3) 
4. Globalisation and the Indian Economy: What is Globalisation (through some simple examples); How India is being globalised and why; Development Strategy prior to 1991. State Control of Industries : Textile goods as an example for elaboration; Economic Reforms 1991; Strategies adopted in Reform measures (easing of capital flows; migration, investment flows); Different perspectives on globalisation and its impact on different sectors; Political Impact of globalisation. (Chapter 4) 
5. Consumer Rights: How consumer is exploited (one or two simple case studies) factors causing exploitation of consumers; Rise of consumer awareness; how a consumer should be in a market; role of government in consumer protection. (Chapter 5)

Unit 5: Disaster Management

(Through Formative Assessment only)
  • Tsunami
  • Safer Construction Practices
  • Survival Skills
  • Alternate Communication systems during disasters
  • Sharing Responsibility

2017-2018 CBSE Class X 10th Syllabus - Science Class 10 Syllabus

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Course Structure

First Term Units Marks
I. Chemical Substances - Nature & Behaviour 33
II. World of Living 21
IV. Effects of Current 29
V. Natural Resources 7
  Total 90
Second Term Units Marks
I. Chemical Substances - Nature & Behaviour 23
II. World of Living 30
III. Natural Phenomenon 29
V. Natural Resources 8
  Total 90

First Term SA-I

Unit I: Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour

Chemical reactions: Chemical equation, Balanced chemical equation, implications of a balanced chemical equation, types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, precipitation, neutralization, oxidation and reduction.
Acids, bases and salts: Their definitions in terms of furnishing of H+ and OH- ions, General properties, examples and uses, concept of pH scale(Definition relating to logarithm not required), importance of pH in everyday life; preparation and uses of sodium hydroxide, Bleaching powder, Baking soda, Washing soda and Plaster of Paris.
Metals and non metals: Properties of metals and non-metals, reactivity series, formation and properties of ionic compounds, basic metallurgical processes, corrosion and its prevention.

Unit II: World of Living

Life processes: "living being". Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and animals.
Control and co-ordination in animals and plants: Tropic movements in plants; Introduction to plant hormones; control and co-ordination in animals : nervous system; voluntary, involuntary and reflex action, chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.

Unit IV: Effects of Current

Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm's law; Resistance, Resistivity, Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of electric current and its applications in daily life. Electric power, Inter relation between P, V, I and R.
Magnetic effects of current: Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying conductor, field due to current carrying coil or solenoid; Force on current carrying conductor, Fleming's left hand rule. Electromagnetic induction. Induced potential difference, Induced current. Fleming's Right Hand Rule, Direct current. Alternating current : frequency of AC. Advantage of AC over DC. Domestic electric circuits.

Unit V: Natural Resources

Sources of energy: Different forms of energy, conventional and non-conventional sources of energy: fossil fuels, solar energy; biogas; wind, water and tidal energy; nuclear energy. Renewable versus non-renewable sources.

Second Term SA-II

Unit I: Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour

Carbon compounds: Covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Versatile nature of carbon. Homologous series Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups (halogens, alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, alkanes and alkynes), difference between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chemical properties of carbon compounds (combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution reaction). Ethanol and Ethanoic acid (only properties and uses), soaps and detergents.
Periodic classification of elements: Need for classification, Modern periodic table, gradation in properties, valency, atomic number, metallic and non-metallic properties.

Unit II: World of Living

Reproduction: Reproduction in animal and plants (asexual and sexual) reproductive health-need for and methods of family planning. safe sex vs HIV/AIDS. Child bearing and women's health.
Heridity and evolution: Heredity; Mendel's contribution- Laws for inheritance of traits: Sex determination: brief introduction; Basic concepts of evolution.

Unit III: Natural Phenomenon

Reflection of light at curved surfaces, Images formed by spherical mirrors, centre of curvature, principal axis, principal focus, focal length, mirror formula (Derivation not required), magnification.
Refraction; laws of refraction, refractive index.
Refraction of light by spherical lens, Image formed by spherical lenses, Lens formula (Derivation not required), Magnification. Power of a lens; Functioning of a lens in human eye, defects of vision and their corrections, applications of spherical mirrors and lenses.
Refraction of light through a prism, dispersion of light, scattering of light, applications in daily life.

Unit V: Natural Resources

Conservation of natural resources
Management of natural resources. Conservation and judicious use of natural resources. Forest and wild life, coal and petroleum conservation. Examples of People's participation for conservation of natural resources.
The Regional environment: Big dams : advantages and limitations; alternatives if any. Water harvesting. Sustainability of natural resources.
Our environment: Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, waste production and their solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.

First Term Practicals

1. To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator:
  • a. Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
  • b. Dilute NaOH solution
  • c. Dilute Ethanoic Acid solution
  • d. Lemon juice
  • e. Water
  • f. Dilute Sodium Bicarbonate solution
2. To study the properties of acids and bases (HCl & NaOH) by their reaction with:
  • a. Litmus solution (Blue/Red)
  • b. Zinc metal
  • c. Solid sodium carbonate
3. To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:
  • i. Combination reaction
  • ii. Decomposition reaction
  • iii. Displacement reaction
  • iv. Double displacement reaction
    • 1) Action of water on quick lime
    • 2) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
    • 3) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
    • 4) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions
4. i) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:
  • a. ZnSO4 (aq)
  • b. FeSO4 (aq)
  • c. CuSO4 (aq)
  • d. Al2(SO4)3 (aq)
ii) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al (metals) in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above result.
5. To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plot a graph between V and I.
6. To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series.
7 To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in parallel.
8 To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
9 To show experimentally that light is necessary for photosynthesis.
10 To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.

Second Term Practicals

1. To study the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):
  • i) odour
  • ii) solubility in water
  • iii) effect on litmus
  • iv) reaction with sodium bicarbonate
2. To study saponification reaction for preparation of soap.
3. To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.
4. To determine the focal length of:
  • i. Concave mirror,
  • ii. Convex lens,
by obtaining the image of a distant object.
5. To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret the result.
6. To study (a) binary fission in Amoeba, and (b) budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides.
7. To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.
8. To find the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens and draw corresponding ray diagrams to show the nature of image formed.
9. To study homology and analogy with the help of models/charts of animals and models/ charts/ specimens of plants.
10. To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (Pea, gram or red kidney bean).

2017-2018 CBSE Class X 10th Syllabus- Mathematics Class 10 Syllabus

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Course Structure

First Term (SA-I)
Units Marks
I. Number System 11
II. Algebra 23
III. Geometry 17
IV. Trigonometry 22
V. Statistics 17
  Total 90
Second Term (SA-II)
Units Marks
II. Algebra (contd.) 23
III. Geometry (contd.) 17
IV. Trigonometry (contd.) 8
V. Probability 8
VI. Co-ordinate Geometry 11
VII. Mensuration 23
  Total 90

First Term Syllabus

UNIT I: NUMBER SYSTEMS

1. REAL NUMBERS
Euclid's division lemma, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic - statements after reviewing work done earlier and after illustrating and motivating through examples, Proofs of results - irrationality of √2, √3, √5, decimal expansions of rational numbers in terms of terminating/non-terminating recurring decimals.

UNIT II: ALGEBRA

1. POLYNOMIALS
Zeros of a polynomial. Relationship between zeros and coefficients of quadratic polynomials. Statement and simple problems on division algorithm for polynomials with real coefficients.
2. PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
Pair of linear equations in two variables and their graphical solution. Geometric representation of different possibilities of solutions/inconsistency. 
Algebraic conditions for number of solutions. Solution of a pair of linear equations in two variables algebraically - by substitution, by elimination and by cross multiplication method. Simple situational problems must be included. Simple problems on equations reducible to linear equations.

UNIT III: GEOMETRY

1. TRIANGLES
Definitions, examples, counter examples of similar triangles.
  1. (Prove) If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
  2. (Motivate) If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, the line is parallel to the third side.
  3. (Motivate) If in two triangles, the corresponding angles are equal, their corresponding sides are proportional and the triangles are similar.
  4. (Motivate) If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, their corresponding angles are equal and the two triangles are similar.
  5. (Motivate) If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these angles are proportional, the two triangles are similar.
  6. (Motivate) If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the hypotenuse, the triangles on each side of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and to each other.
  7. (Prove) The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares on their corresponding sides.
  8. (Prove) In a right triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides.
  9. (Prove) In a triangle, if the square on one side is equal to sum of the squares on the other two sides, the angles opposite to the first side is a right traingle.

UNIT IV: TRIGONOMETRY

1 . INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled triangle. Proof of their existence (well defined); motivate the ratios, whichever are defined at 0° and 90°. Values (with proofs) of the trigonometric ratios of 30°, 45° and 60°. Relationships between the ratios.
2. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Proof and applications of the identity sin2A + cos2A = 1. Only simple identities to be given. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles.

UNIT V: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. STATISTICS
Mean, median and mode of grouped data (bimodal situation to be avoided). Cumulative frequency graph.

Second Term Syllabus

UNIT II: ALGEBRA (Contd.)

3. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Standard form of a quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0, (a ≠ 0). Solution of the quadratic equations (only real roots) by factorization, by completing the square and by using quadratic formula. Relationship between discriminant and nature of roots. 
Situational problems based on quadratic equations related to day to day activities to be incorporated.
4. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
Motivation for studying Arithmetic Progression Derivation of the nth term and sum of the first n terms of A.P. and their application in solving daily life problems.

UNIT III: GEOMETRY (Contd.)

2. CIRCLES
Tangents to a circle motivated by chords drawn from points coming closer and closer to the point.
  1. (Prove) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
  2. (Prove) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to circle are equal.
3. CONSTRUCTIONS
  1. Division of a line segment in a given ratio (internally).
  2. Tangent to a circle from a point outside it.
  3. Construction of a triangle similar to a given triangle.

UNIT IV: TRIGONOMETRY

3. HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES
Simple and believable problems on heights and distances. Problems should not involve more than two right triangles. Angles of elevation / depression should be only 30°, 45°, 60°.

UNIT V: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

2. PROBABILITY
Classical definition of probability. Simple problems on single events (not using set notation).

UNIT VI: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

1. LINES (In two-dimensions)
Concepts of coordinate geometry, graphs of linear equations. Distance formula. Section formula (internal division). Area of a triangle.

UNIT VII: MENSURATION

1. AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES
Motivate the area of a circle; area of sectors and segments of a circle. Problems based on areas and perimeter / circumference of the above said plane figures. (In calculating area of segment of a circle, problems should be restricted to central angle of 60°, 90° and 120° only. Plane figures involving triangles, simple quadrilaterals and circle should be taken.)
2. SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES
(i) Problems on finding surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the following: cubes, cuboids, spheres, hemispheres and right circular cylinders/cones. Frustum of a cone.
(ii) Problems involving converting one type of metallic solid into another and other mixed problems. (Problems with combination of not more than two different solids be taken.)
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