CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Mathematics Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Unit Topic Marks
I. Sets and Functions 29
II. Algebra 37
III. Co-ordinate Geometry 13
IV. Calculus 6
V. Mathematical Reasoning 3
VI. Statistics and Probability 12
  Total  100

Unit-I: Sets and Functions

1. Sets
Sets and their representations. Empty set. Finite and Infinite sets. Equal sets. Subsets. Subsets of a set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations). Power set. Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and Intersection of sets. Difference of sets. Complement of a set. Properties of Complement Sets. Practical Problems based on sets.
2. Relations & Functions
Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements in the cartesian product of two finite sets. Cartesian product of the sets of real (upto R x R). Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation. Function as a special kind of relation from one set to another. Pictorial representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range of a function. Real valued functions, domain and range of these functions: constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer functions, with their graphs. Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions.
3. Trigonometric Functions
Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion of one into other. Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle. Truth of the sin2x+cos2x=1, for all x. Signs of trigonometric functions. Domain and range of trignometric functions and their graphs. Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy and their simple application. Deducing identities like the following:
syllabus 11 maths1
Identities related to sin 2x, cos2x, tan 2x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x. General solution of trigonometric equations of the type sin y = sin a, cos y = cos a and tan y = tan a.

Unit-II: Algebra

1. Principle of Mathematical Induction
Process of the proof by induction, motivating the application of the method by looking at natural numbers as the least inductive subset of real numbers. The principle of mathematical induction and simple applications.
2. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Need for complex numbers, especially √1, to be motivated by inability to solve some of the quardratic equations. Algebraic properties of complex numbers. Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers. Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of quadratic equations in the complex number system. Square root of a complex number.
3. Linear Inequalities
Linear inequalities. Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line. Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables. Graphical solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables.

4. Permutations and Combinations
Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial n. (n!)Permutations and combinations, derivation of formulae and their connections, simple applications.
5. Binomial Theorem
History, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices. Pascal's triangle, General and middle term in binomial expansion, simple applications.
6. Sequence and Series
Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Progression (A.P.). Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) Geometric Progression (G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P., Arithmetic and Geometric series infinite G.P. and its sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation between A.M. and G.M. Formula for the following special sum:
syllabus 11 maths2

Unit-III: Coordinate Geometry

1. Straight Lines
Brief recall of two dimensional geometry from earlier classes. Shifting of origin. Slope of a line and angle between two lines. Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axis, point-slope form, slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercept form and normal form. General equation of a line. Equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines. Distance of a point from a line.
2. Conic Sections
Sections of a cone: circles, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola; a point, a straight line and a pair of intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section. Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. Standard equation of a circle.
3. Introduction to Three–dimensional Geometry
Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions. Coordinates of a point. Distance between two points and section formula.

Unit-IV: Calculus

1. Limits and Derivatives
Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically.
Intutive idea of limit. Limits of polynomials and rational functions, trignometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Definition of derivative, relate it to slope of tangent of a curve, derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions. The derivative of polynomial and trignometric functions.

Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning

1. Mathematical Reasoning
Mathematically acceptable statements. Connecting words/ phrases - consolidating the understanding of "if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition", "implies", "and/or", "implied by", "and", "or", "there exists" and their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics. Validating the statements involving the connecting words difference between contradiction, converse and contrapositive.

Unit-VI: Statistics and Probability

1. Statistics
Measures of dispersion; Range, mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data. Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances.
2. Probability
Random experiments; outcomes, sample spaces (set representation). Events; occurrence of events, 'not', 'and' and 'or' events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events, Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability, connections with the theories of earlier classes. Probability of an event, probability of 'not', 'and' and 'or' events.

CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Legal Studies Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

S.No. Units Marks
1 Theory and Nature of Political Institutions 20 
2 Nature and Sources of Law 20 
3 Historical Evolution of Indian Legal System 20 
4 Civil and Criminal Courts and Process 20 
5 Family Justice System 20 

Total 100 

Unit 1: Theory and Nature of Political Institutions

  • Concept of State/Nation
  • Organs of Government - Legislative, Executive and Judiciary
  • Separation of Powers – Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial
  • Independence
  • Constitutional Framework of India

Unit 2: Nature and Sources of Law

  • Legislation – process, delegated and subordinate legislation
  • Case Law – Stare decisis, precedents within the hierarchy of courts
  • Authoritative Sources
  • Custom
  • Law Reform

Unit 3: Historical Evolution of Indian Legal System

  • Ancient Indian Law
  • English law in India
  • Administration of Justice in British India
  • Charter of 1861 and subsequent Charters
  • Establishment of High Courts and the Federal Court
  • Drafting of the Indian Constitution
  • Ancient Indian Law in Modern Legal Framework

Unit 4: Civil and Criminal Courts and Process

  • The Civil Court Structure
  • The Criminal Court Structure
  • The Civil Process
  • The Criminal Process – investigation and prosecution

Unit 5: Family Justice System

  • Institutional Framework
  • Marriage and Divorce
  • Children
  • Domestic Violence

CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Home Science Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Unit Chapter Marks
I. Concept of Home Science and its Scope 25 
II. Human Development: Life Span Approach (Part I)
III. Food, Nutrition, Health and Fitness  30
IV. Family, Community and Resources
V. Fabric and Apparel  15
VI. Community Development and Extension (Part I)
  Total Theory Marks  70 
  Practical 30

Unit I: Concept of Home Science and its Scope

  • (i) Evolution of the discipline of Home Science
  • (ii) Five major areas
  • (iii) Relevance in improving the quality of life

Unit II: Human development: life span approach (Part I)

(i) Introduction to different stages: infancy, early childhood, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age
  • (a) Infancy (birth to 2 years) :Physical - height, weight and body proportions; motor development during 0-3 months, 3-6 months, 6-9 months, 9-12 months and 1-2 years (milestones only); social and emotional development; expression of emotions, socialization; cognitive and language development.
  • (b) Early childhood (3- 6 years):characteristics
  • (c) Childhood (7 - 11 years): behavioural problems of children and suggestive measures
(ii) Protection from preventable diseases:
  • (a) Immunization - concept and types (natural and acquired), breast feeding (one of the ways to develop natural immunity); immunization chart;
  • (b) Symptoms, prevention, after care and incubation period of childhood diseases: tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, polio, measles, cholera, diarrhoea and chicken pox.
(iii) Substitute care at home and outside:
  • (a) by Grandparents, creche/day care centres
  • (b) Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) - objectives and functions.
(iv) Special needs and care of disadvantaged and differently abled children: socially disadvantaged, visually impaired (partial and complete), hearing impaired, orthopedically impaired (affected/missing limb)
(v) Managing Emergencies
First aid to cuts, burns, fractures, bites (snake, dog and insects), poisoning, fainting, asthma, heart attack, drowing.

Unit III: Food, Nutrition, Health and Fitness

(i) Definition of food, nutrition, health (WHO) and fitness
(ii) Functions of food:
  • Physiological (body building, energy giving, protective, regulatory)
  • Psychological
  • Social
(iii) Selection of food for optimum nutrition and good health:
  • (a) Nutrients: sources, functions and deficiency and its prevention; Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, Vitamins- Fat soluble (A, D, E, K) and water soluble (B1, B2, Niacin, Folic acid, B12 and Vitamin C), Minerals (Calcium, Iron, Zinc and Iodine).
(iv) Maximising nutritive value of food by proper selection, preparation and storage:
  • (a) Selection of foods: Fruits, vegetables, egg, fish, poultry, meat, milk and milk products, spices, cereals and pulses and convenience food. Storage of foods:Perishable, semi perishable, non perishable and convenience food.
  • (b) Food Processing:
    • Reasons of food spoilage of food
    • Food processing methods - Dehydration, Freezing, Use of preservatives: Natural and chemical.
  • (c) Preparation of food:
    • Principles
    • Methods: boiling, steaming, pressure cooking, deep and shallow frying, baking, sautéing, roasting, grilling, solar cooking and microwave cooking.
    • Loss of nutrients and steps to minimise nutrient loss during preparation.
    • Methods of enhancing nutrient availability germination, fermentation, fortification and food combination.

Unit IV: Family and Community Resources

(i) Concept of Family and Community resources
(ii) Types, Management and Conservation of:
  • (a) Human / Personal Resources: knowledge, skills, time, energy, aptitude.
  • (b) Non-human / material resources:money, goods, property.
  • (c) Community facilities / shared resources:Schools, parks, hospitals, roads, transport, water, electricity, library, fuel and fodder.
(iii) Management:
  • (a) Meaning and need for management.
  • (b) Steps in management: planning, organizing, controlling, implementing and evaluation.
  • (c) Decision making and its role in management.
(iv) Time, energy and space management:
  • (a) Need and procedure for managing time and energy.
  • (b) Work simplifications: Techniques for time and energy management.
  • (c) Need and ways of space management.
  • (d) Elements of art and principles of design.
  • (e) Use of colours, light and accessories in space management; Prang colour wheel, dimensions of colours, classes and colour schemes.

Unit V: Fabric and Apparel

(i) Introduction to Fibre Science:
  • (a) Classifications of fibre
    • Natural: cotton, silk and wool
    • Manufactured: rayon, nylon and polyester
    • Blends: terry cot, terry silk, terry wool
  • (b) Characteristics of fibre
  • (c) Suitability for use
(ii) Fabric Construction:
  • (a) Yarn making: Basic procedure of making yarn.
    • Simple : Two Ply, Four Ply, Multiple and Cord
    • Novelty: Slub, Knot, Flock, Spiral
    • Blended yarns
  • (b) Weaving:
    • Basic mechanism
    • Concept of Looms
    • Types of weaves: plain (basket and rib), twill, sateen and satin weave. A brief mention of special weaves: pile and jacquard weaves.
    • Effect of weaves on appearance, durability and maintenance of garment.
  • (c) Other methods of fabric constructions: knitting, non-woven fabrics: felting and bonding
(iii) Fabric Finishes:
  • (a) Meaning and importance.
  • (b) Classification of finishes
    • Basic finishes: (cleaning scouring), singeing, bleaching, stiffening, calendaring and tentering
    • Functional Finishes: Water proofing, sanforization, mercerization, moth proofing
(iv) Dyeing and Printing
  • (a) Importance of dyeing and printing
  • (b) Types and sources of Dyes-natural, synthetic
  • (c) Methods of Dyeing and Printing: Plain Dyeing, tie and dye, Batik printing, Block printing.

Unit VI: Community Development and Extension (Part I)

(i) Respect for girl child
(ii) Media: Concept, Classification, Function
(iii) Communication:
  • Concept
  • Importance 
  • Method
  • Types 
  • Elements
  • Effective communicative skills 
(iv) Keeping community spaces clean

CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - History Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

S.No. Units Marks
1. Introduction to World History  
Section A: Early Societies 15 
2. Introduction  
3. From the beginning of time  
4. Early Cities  
Section B: Empires 20
5. Introduction  
6. An empire across three continents  
7. Central Islamic lands  
8. Nomadic Empires  
Section C: Changing Traditions 20 
9. Introduction  
10. Three orders  
11. Changing cultural traditions  
12. Confrontation of cultures  
Section D: Paths to Modernization 20 
13. Introduction  
14. The Industrial Revolution  
15. Displacing indigenous People  
16. Paths to modernization  
  Map work (units 1-16) 5 
  Project Work 20
    100
1. Introduction to World History

Section A: Early Societies

2. Introduction
3. From the Beginning of Time
Focus: Africa, Europe till 15000 BC
  • (a) Views on the origin of human beings.
  • (b) Early societies.
  • (c) Historians' views on present-day hunting-gathering societies.
4. Early Cities
Focus: Iraq, 3rd millennium BC
  • (a) Growth of towns.
  • (b) Nature of early urban societies.
  • (c) Historians' Debate on uses of writing.

Section B: Empires

5. Introduction
6. An Empire across Three Continents
Focus: Roman Empire, 27 B.C to A.D 600.
  • (a) Political evolution
  • (b) Economic expansion
  • (c) Religion
  • (d) Late Antiquity.
  • (e) Historians' views on the institution of Slavery.
7. Central Islamic Lands
Focus: 7th to 12th centuries
  • (a) Polity
  • (b) Economy
  • (c) Culture.
  • (d) Historians' viewpoints on the nature of the crusades.
8. Nomadic Empires
Focus: the Mongol, 13th to 14th century
  • (a) The nature of nomadism.
  • (b) Formation of empires.
  • (c) Conquests and relations with other states.
  • (d) Historians' views on nomadic societies and state formation.

Section C: Changing Traditions

9. Introduction
10. Three Orders
Focus: Western Europe, 13th-16th century
  • (a) Feudal society and economy.
  • (b) Formation of states.
  • (c) Church and Society.
  • (d) Historians' views on decline of feudalism.
11. Changing Cultural Traditions
Focus on Europe, 14th to 17th century.
  • (a) New ideas, and new trends in literature and arts.
  • (b) Relationship with earlier ideas
  • (c) The contribution of West Asia.
  • (d) Historians' viewpoints on the validity of the notion 'European Renaissance'.
12. Confrontation of Cultures
Focus on America, 15th to 18th century.
  • (a) European voyages of exploration.
  • (b) Search for gold; enslavement, raids, extermination.
  • (c) Indigenous people and cultures - the Arawaks, the Aztecs, the Incas.
  • (d) The history of displacements.
  • (e) Historians' viewpoints on the slave trade.

Section D: Paths to Modernization

13. Introduction
14. The Industrial Revolution
Focus on England, 18th and 19th century.
  • (a) Innovations and technological change
  • (b) Patterns of growth.
  • (c) Emergence of a working class.
  • (d) Historians' viewpoints, Debate on 'Was there an Industrial Revolution?'
15. Displacing Indigenous People
Focus on North America and Australia, 18th-20th century.
  • (a) European colonists in North America and Australia.
  • (b) Formation of white settler societies.
  • (c) Displacement and repression of local people.
  • (d) Historians' viewpoints on the impact of European settlement on indigenous population.
16. Paths to Modernization
Focus on East Asia, late 19th and 20th century.
  • (a) Militarization and economic growth in Japan.
  • (b) China and the Communist alternative.
  • (c) Historians' Debate on the meaning of modernization

CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Geography Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Part/Unit  Topic or Chapter  Marks 
Part A Fundamentals of Physical Geography 25
Unit-1 Geography as a discipline  
Unit-2 The Earth  
Unit-3 Landforms  
Unit-4 Climate  
Unit-5 Water (Oceans) - OTBA  
Unit-6 Life on the Earth  
  Map abd Diagram 5
Part B India - Physical Environment 25
Unit-7 Introduction  
Unit-8 Physiography  
Unit-9 Climate, vegetation and soil  
Unit-10 Natural hazards and Disasters  
  Map and Diagram  5
Part C Practical Work 30
Unit-1 Fundamentals of Maps 10 
Unit-2 Topographic and Weather Maps 15 
  Practical Record Book and Viva 5 

Part A: Fundamentals of Physical Geography

Unit-1: Geography as a Discipline
  • Geography as an integrating discipline, as a science of spatial attributes.
  • Branches of Geography; PhysicalGeography and Human Geography.
  • Scope and Career Options
Unit-2: The Earth
  • Origin and evolution of the earth; Interior of the earth.
  • Wegener's continental drift theory and plate tectonics.
  • Earthquakes and volcanoes: causes, types and effects.
Unit-3: Landforms
  • Rocks: major types of rocks and their characteristics.
  • Landforms and their evolution.
  • Geomorphic processes: weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition; soil-formation.
Unit 4: Climate
  • Atmosphere- composition and structure;elements of weather and climate.
  • Insolation-angle of incidence and distribution; heat budget of the earth-heating and cooling of atmosphere (conduction, convection, terrestrial radiation and advection); temperature- factors controlling temperature; distribution of temperature-horizontal and vertical; inversion of temperature.
  • Pressure-pressure belts; winds-planetary, seasonal and local; air masses and fronts; tropical and extratropical cyclones.
  • Precipitation-evaporation; condensation-dew, frost,fog, mist and cloud; rainfall-types and world distribution.
  • World climates-classification (Koeppen and Thornthwaite), Global warming and climatic changes.
  • Climate and Global Concerns.
Unit 5: Hydrosphere
  • Basics of Oceanography
  • Oceans - distribution of temperature and salinity.
  • Movements of ocean water-waves, tides and currents; submarine reliefs.
  • Ocean resources and pollution.
Unit 6: Biosphere
  • Biosphere - importance of plants and other organisms; biodiversity and conservation; ecosystem and ecological balance.
Map work on identification of features based on 1 to 6 units on the outline/Physical/Political map of the world.

Part - B: India - Physical Environment

Unit-7: Introduction
  • Location, space relations, India's place in the world.
Unit-8: Physiography 
  • Structure and Relief; Physiographic Divisions.
  • Drainage systems: Concept of river basins, Watershed; the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers.
Unit-9: Climate, Vegetation and Soil
  • Weather and climate - spatial and temporal distribution of temperature, pressure winds and rainfall, Indian monsoon: mechanism, onset and withdrawal, variability of rainfalls: spatial and temporal; use of weather charts; Climatic types (Koeppen).
  • Natural vegetation-forest types and distribution; wild life; conservation; biosphere reserves.
  • Soils - major types (ICAR's classification) and their distribution, soil degradation and conservation.
Unit-10: Hazards and Disasters: Causes, Consequences and Management
  • Floods, Cloudbursts
  • Droughts: types and impact
  • Earthquakes and Tsunami
  • Cyclones: features and impact
  • Landslides
Map Work of features based on above units for locating and labelling on the Outline/Political/Physical map of India.

Part - C: Practical Work

Unit-1: Fundamentals of Maps
  • Geo spatial data, Concept of Geographicaldata matrix; Point, line, area data.
  • Maps - types; scales-types; construction of simple linear scale, measuring distance; finding direction and use of symbols.
  • Map projection - Latitude, longitude and time, typology, construction and properties of projection: Conical with one standard parallel and Mercator's projection. (only two projections)
Unit 2: Topographic and Weather Maps
  • Study of topographic maps (1:50,000 or 1:25,000 Survey of India maps); contour cross section and identification of landforms-slopes, hills, valleys, waterfall, cliffs; distribution of settlements.
  • Aerial Photographs: Types and Geometry-vertical aerial photographs; difference between maps and aerial photographs; photo scale determination. Identification of physical and cultural features.
  • Satellite imageries, stages in remote sensing data-acquisition, platform and sensors and data products, (photographic and digital).
  • Use of weather instruments: thermometer, wet and dry-bulb thermometer, barometer, wind vane, rain gauge.

CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Entrepreneurship Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

S.No.  Unit Marks 
1  Entrepreneurship, What, Why and How 15  
2  An Entrepreneur
3  Entreprenerial Journey 20  
4 Entrepreneurship as Innovation and Problem Solving
5 Understanding the Market 15 
6 Business Arithmetic 20  
7 Resource Mobilization
  Project Work  30 
  Total 100

Unit 1: Entrepreneurship: What, Why and How

  • Entrepreneurship- Concept, Functions, Need and Importance.
  • Myths about Entrepreneurship
  • Pros and Cons of Entrepreneurship
  • Process of Entrepreneurship.

Unit 2: An Entrepreneur

  • Types of Entrepreneurs
  • Competencies and Characteristics; Ethical Entrepreneurship.
  • Entrepreneurial Value: Values, Attitudes and Motivation.
  • Mindset of an Employee and an Entrepreneur- Difference
  • Intrapreneur: Importance in Any Organization.

Unit 3: Entrepreneurship Journey

  • Self Assessment of Qualities, Skills, Resources and Dreams.
  • Generation of Ideas.
  • Feasibility Study
  • Opportunity Assessment
  • Business Plan Preparation
  • Execution of Business Plan
  • Role of Society and Family in the growth of an entrepreneur.
  • Challenges faced by women in Entrepreneurship.

Unit 4: Entrepreneurship as Innovation and Problem Solving

  • Entrepreneurs- as problem solvers.
  • Innovations and Entrepreneurial Ventures.
  • Social Entrepreneurship-Concept and Importance
  • Risk taking-Concept; types of business risks.
  • The role of technology/ social media in creating new forms of firms, organizations, networks and cooperative clusters.
  • Barriers to Entrepreneurship.
  • Support structure for promoting entrepreneurship (various goverment schemes).

Unit 5: Understanding the Market

  • Market- Traditional and E-commerce- Concept and Role
  • Types of Business: Manufacturing, Trading and Services.
  • Market Forces: Sellers, consumers and competitors.
  • Expanding Markets: Local to global, Strategies needed.
  • Marketing Mix: Concept and Elements.
  • Pricing and Factors affecting pricing.
  • Market Survey: Concept, Importance and Process.

Unit 6: Business Arithmetic

  • Simplified Cash Register and Record Keeping
  • Unit of Sale, Unit Price and Unit Cost - for single product or service
  • Types of Costs - Start up, Variable and Fixed
  • Income Statement
  • Cashflow Projections
  • Break Even Analysis - for single product or service
  • Taxes

Unit 7: Resource Mobilization

  • Types of Resources - Human, Capital and other Resources
  • Selection and utilization of human resources and professionals like Accountants, Lawyers, Auditors, Board Members, etc.
  • Role and Importance of a Mentor
  • Estimating Financial Resources required.
  • Methods of meeting the financial requirements.
  • Size and capital based classification of business enterprises.
  • Various sources of Information

CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - English Elective Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

S.No. Topic Marks
1 Reading Skills 20
2 Writing Skills and Grammar 30
3 Literary & Long Reading Texts 30
4 Speaking and Listening Skills 20
  Total 100

Section A: Advanced Reading Skills

MCQs, very short answer and short answer questions: to test comprehension, analysis, inference, evaluation and literary appreciation
1. 450-500 words in length for note-making and summarising
2. 400-450 words in length (comprehension and vocabulary)
The passages or poems could be of any of the following types:
  • a) Factual passages, e.g., instructions, descriptions, reports.
  • b) Discursive passages involving opinion, e.g., argumentative, reflective persuasive, etc.
  • c) Literary texts, e.g., poems, extracts from fiction, biography, autobiography, travelogue, etc.
Note: In the case of a poem, the text may be shorter than 200 words or 20-24 lines.

Section B: Writing Skills and Grammar

This section will include writing tasks as indicated below:
3. Short Answer Questions: Messages, notices, e-mails (formal) and description of people.
Note: Though e-mail is included as one of the writing tasks, it is suggested that it may be tested as a part of internal or formative assessment.
4. Long Answer Question: Based on a verbal or visual input:
  • a) Official letter for making inquiries, suggesting changes, registering complaints, asking for and giving information, placing orders and replies.
  • b) Letters to the editor on various social, national and international issues.
5. Very Long Answer Question: Sustained writing tasks such as writing a speech, an article for a magazine or report based on a verbal or a visual input.
Grammar
A variety of questions through MCQs and Very Short Answer type questions may be asked to test grammar items in context (not as isolated sentences). Though only modals, determiners, voice and tense forms are being dealt with in Class XI, other grammar items such as prepositions, verb forms, connectors which have been learnt earlier would also be included.
  • Drafting questions/questionnaires based on verbal/visual input
  • Composing a dialogue based on the given input
  • Recognizing consonant and vowel values in pronunciation/ sentence and word stress
  • Correction of errors in sentences

Section C: Literature Textbooks and Long Reading Texts

Questions are asked to test local and global comprehension involving interpretative, inferential, evaluative and extrapolatory skills.
  • Very Short Answer Questions: Any two out of three extracts based on different poems to test theme, setting and literary devices.
  • Short Answer Questions: Based on different prose prose / drama / poetry / peices to test Local and Global comprehension of ideas and language.
  • Long Answer Question: Based on prose or play to test comprehension of characters, actions and plot appreciation of literary conventions and reasoning.
Note: Short answer questions or long answer questions based on values can be given in the writing section or in the literature section.
  • Long Answer Questions: To test understanding, appreciation, analysis, inference in the plot of the long reading text and writing a character sketch.
Assessment of Speaking and Listening Skills (ASL)
It is recommended that speaking and listening skills should be regularly taught in the class.

Prescribed Books

  • Language Skills Book
  • Literature Reader
The Novels: (either one)
  • The Canterville Ghost by Oscar Wilde
  • Up from Slavery by Booker T. Washington

2017-2018 CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - English Core Class 11 Syllabus

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Unit-wise Weightage

Section Area of Learning Marks
A Reading Skills 20
B Writing Skills and Grammar 30
C Literature & Long Reading Text 30
D Assessment of Speaking & Listening Skills 20 

Section A: Reading Comprehension

Very short answer and MCQ types questions:
Two unseen passages (including poems) with a variety of questions including 4 marks for vocabulary such as word formation and inferring meaning. The total range of the 2 passages including a poem or a stanza, will be around 900-1000 words.
  1. 550-600 words in length (for note-making and summarising)
  2. 350-400 words in length (to test comprehension, interpretation and inference)
An unseen poem of about 28-35 lines
The passages could be of any one of the following types:
  • Factual passages, e.g., illustrations, description, reports
  • Discursive passages involving opinion, e.g., argumentative, persuasive
  • Literary passages e.g. extracts from fiction, biography, autobiography, travelogue, etc. In the case of a poem, the text may be shorter than the prescribed word limit.

SECTION B: Writing Skills and Grammar

Writing
  • Short Answer Questions: Based on notice/ poster/ advertisement
  • Long Answer Questions: Letters based on verbal/visual input. It would cover all types of letters.
Letter types may include:
  1. business or official letters (for making enquiries, registering complaints, asking for and giving information, placing orders and sending replies)
  2. letters to the editor (giving suggestions on an issue)
  3. application for a job with a bio-data or resume
  4. letter to the school or college authorities, regarding admissions, school issues, requirements /suitability of courses, etc.
  • Very Long Answer Question: Composition in the form of article, speech, report writing or a narrative
Grammar
Different grammatical structures in meaningful contexts will be tested. Item types will include gap filling, sentence re-ordering, dialogue completion and sentence transformation. The grammar syllabus will include determiners, tenses, clauses, modals and Change of Voice. These grammar areas will be tested using the following short answer type and MCQ type questions: 
  • Error Correction, editing tasks
  • Re-ordering of Sentences
  • Transformation of sentences

Section C: Literature and Long Reading Texts

Questions to test comprehension at different levels: literal, inferential and evaluative
  1. Hornbill: Textbook published by NCERT
  2. Snapshots: Supplementary Reader published by NCERT
The following lessons have been deleted:
  1. Landscape of the Soul
  2. The Adventure
  3. Silk Road
  4. The Laburnum Top (Poetry)
  5. The Ghat of the only World (Snapshots)
  • Very Short Answer Questions - Based on an extract from poetry to test reference to context comprehension and appreciation.
  • Short Answer Questions - Based on prose, poetry and plays from both the texts.
  • Long Answer Question - Based on prescribed texts to test global comprehension and extrapolation beyond the texts to bring out the key messages and values.
  • Long Answer Questions - Based on theme, plot, incidents or event from the prescribed novels.
  • Long Answer Question - Based on understanding appreciation, analysis and interpretation of the characters.
Note: Values-based questions may be given as long answers in the writing or literature sections.

Long Reading Texts / Novels (either one)

With a view to inculcate the habit of reading among the students, CBSE has introduced compulsory reading of a Long Reading Text - Novel in the English Core Course and will be evaluated in the Term-end Assessments. Schools can opt for either one of the texts.
  • i) The Canterville Ghost by Oscar Wilde (unabridged 1906 Edition)
  • ii) Up from Slavery by Booker T. Washington (unabridged 2000 Edition)

2017-2018 CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Engineering Graphics Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

S.No. Chapter / Topic Marks
Unit-I Plane Geometry 16 
1  Lines, angles and rectilnear figures  
2  Circles and tangents  
3  Special curves: ellipse, parabola, involute, cycloid. helix and sine-curve  
Unit-II Solid Geometry 27 
4  Orthographic-projections of points, lines laminae, (plane) and solids  
5  Section of solid-figures  
Unit-III Machine Drawing 27 
6  Orthographic projections of simple machine-blocks  
7  Isometric-projection of laminae (plane) figures  
8  Development of surfaces  
IV.  Practical  30 
  Total Marks 100

I. PLANE GEOMETRY

Printing English alphabets (capital and small) numerals in standard proportions.
Unidirectional/aligned system of dimensioning as per SP: 46-2003 (Revised)
Unit 1:
Construction of lines, angles and their divisions. Simple questions based on triangles, square, rhombus, trapeziums, regular polygons-pentagon, hexagon and octagon.
Unit 2:
Construction of circles, external and internal tangents of circles, inscribing, circumscribing circles in equilateral triangle, square, rhombus, regular polygons-pentagon, hexagon and octagon.
Unit 3:
Construction of Engineering curves:
  • (a) Ellipses by concentric circles, intersecting arcs and intersecting lines.
  • (b) Parabola by intersecting lines and intersecting arcs.
  • (c) Involute of a circle, cycloid, helix and sine curve.

II. SOLID GEOMETRY

Unit 4:
Methods of orthographic projections and dimensioning strictly as per SP: 46- 2003 revised conventions. Projection of points, lines, regular plane figure and right regular solids such as cubes, prisms and pyramids (square, triangular, pentagonal and hexagonal), cones, cylinders, spheres, hemi-spheres and frustum of pyramids and cone when they are kept with their axis (a) perpendicular, to HP/VP (b) parallel to one plane and inclined to the other (c) parallel to HP and VP both. 
Unit 5:
Section of solids under the same conditions mentioned above made by the horizontal, vertical and inclined planes, also showing true-shape of section.

III. MACHINE DRAWING

Unit 6:
Orthographic projections of simple machine blocks.
Unit 7:
Construction of isometric scale showing main divisions of 10 mm and smaller divisions of 1 mm each. Isometric projection (drawn to isometric scale) of figures such as triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, circles and semi-circles with their surface parallel to HP or VP and its one side or diagonal or diameter should be either parallel or perpendicular to HP/VP.
Unit 8:
Development of the surfaces of following solids:
  • 1. Cube, cuboid, prisms-triangular, square, pentagonal and hexagonal.
  • 2. Pyramids (triangular, square, pentagonal and hexagonal).
  • 3. Right circular cylinder and cone.

IV. PRACTICALS

  1. Developing "Prisms" and "Pyramids" with the help of card board (thick paper).
  2. Developing different types of packing boxes (cartons).
  3. Making different types of graphic designs/murals for interior/exterior decorations in colour using the knowledge of geometrical figures with the use of any Computer Software such as Collab-CAD, CORAL DRAW, PHOTOSHOP, etc.
  4. Drawing ellipse by Trammel and Thread method on the ground / drawing sheet / plywood / cardboard, etc.
  5. Preparing top-view (plan) of a class room, Home: Drawing room / Bedroom / Study room / Kitchen, Engineering Graphics room drawing different objects therein.
  6. Drawing through activities: Involutes, cycloid, helix and sine curves listing their uses in daily life.
  7. Preparing the following sections of solids (prisms, pyramids, spheres, etc.) with clay, soap, thermocol, plasticine, wax or any other material easily and economically available. When the cutting plane is: parallel to the base, perpendicular to the base and inclined to the base. Also creating different objects with combination of above solids.

2017-2018 CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Economics Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Units Title Marks
Part A Statistics for Economics   
1. Introduction 13  
2. Collection, Organisation and Presentation of Data
3. Statistical Tools and Interpretation 27 
Part B Part B: Indian Economic Development  
4. Development Experience (1947-90) and 13
  Economic Reforms since 1991 12
5. Current Challenges facing Indian Economy 15
6. Development Experience of India - A Comparison with Neighbours (OTBA) 10
Part C Project Work 10
  Total 100

OTBA

The question paper will include a Section on Open Text Based Assessment (OTBA) of 10 marks from unit-6 of Part-B. From this unit, no other questions will be asked in the theory examination. The OTBA will be asked only during the annual examination to be held in the March 2016. The open text material on the identified unit will be supplied to students in advance. The OTBA is designed to test the analytical and higher order thinking skills of students.

Part A: Statistics for Economics

In this course, you are expected to acquire skills in collection, organisation and presentation of quantitative and qualitative information pertaining to various simple economic aspects systematically. It also intends to provide some basic statistical tools to analyse, and interpret any economic information and draw appropriate inferences. In this process, you are expected to understand the behaviour of various economic data.

Unit 1: Introduction

What is Economics?
Meaning, scope and importance of statistics in Economics

Unit 2: Collection, Organisation and Presentation of Data

Collection of data - sources of data - primary and secondary; how basic data is collected; methods of collecting data; some important sources of secondary data: Census of India and National Sample Survey Organisation.
Organisation of Data: Meaning and types of variables; Frequency Distribution.
Presentation of Data: Tabular Presentation and Diagrammatic Presentation of Data: (i) Geometric forms (bar diagrams and pie diagrams), (ii) Frequency diagrams (histogram, polygon and ogive) and (iii) Arithmetic line graphs (time series graph).

Unit 3: Statistical Tools and Interpretation

Measures of Central Tendency - mean (simple and weighted), median and mode
Measures of Dispersion - absolute dispersion (range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation); relative dispersion (co-efficient of quartile-deviation, co-efficient of mean deviation, co-efficient of variation); Lorenz Curve: Meaning and its application.
Correlation - meaning, scatter diagram; Measures of correlation - Karl Pearson's method (two variables ungrouped data) Spearman's rank correlation.
Introduction to Index Numbers - meaning, types - wholesale price index, consumer price index and index of industrial production, uses of index numbers; Inflation and index numbers.

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Unit 4: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991

A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence. Common goals of Five Year Plans.
Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy, etc.), industry (industrial licensing, etc.) and foreign trade.
Economic Reforms since 1991:
Need and main features - liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation; An appraisal of LPG policies

Unit 5: Current challenges facing Indian Economy

Poverty - absolute and relative; Main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment; 
Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing - role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming 
Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India 
Employment: Formal and informal, growth and other issues: Problems and policies.
Inflation: Problems and Policies
Infrastructure: Meaning and Types: Case Studies: Energy and Health: Problems and Policies- A critical assessment;
Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming.

Unit 6: Development Experience of India

A comparison with neighbours
India and Pakistan
India and China
Issues: growth, population, sectoral development and other developmental indicators.

2017-2018 CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Computer Science Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Unit Title Marks
1. Computer Fundamentals 10
2. Programming Methodology 12
3. Introduction to Python/C++ 18/14
4. Programming with Python/C++ 30/34
  Total 70

Unit 1: Computer Fundamentals

Classification  of  computers: basics of computer and its operation; functional components and their interconnections, concept of booting.
Software concepts: Types of Software - system software, utility software and application software
System Software: Operating system, complier, interpreter and assembler
Operating System: Need for operating system, functions of operating system (processor management, memory management, file management and device management), types of operating system-interactive (GUI based), time sharing, real time and distributed, commonly used operating system: UNIX, LINUX, Windows, Solaris, BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions); Mobile OS –Android, Symbian.
Utility Software: Anti Virus, File Management tools, Compression tools and Disk Management tools (Disk Cleanup, Disk Defragmenter, Backup).
Open Source Concepts: Open source software, freeware, shareware, proprietary software.
Application Software: Office tools - word processor, presentation tool, spreadsheet package, database management system; domain specific tools - school management system, inventory management system, payroll system, financial accounting, hotel management, reservation system and weather forecasting system.
Number System: Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal and conversion between two different number systems.
Internal Storage encoding of Characters: ASCII, ISCII (Indian Scripts Standard Code for Information Interchange), and UNICODE (for multilingual computing)
Microprocessor: Basic concepts, Clock speed (MHz, GHz), 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit, 128 bit processors; Types - CISC Processors (Complex Instruction Set Computing), RISC Processors (Reduced Instruction Set Computing), and EPIC (Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing).
Memory Concepts: Units: Byte, Kilo Byte, Mega Byte, Giga Byte, Tera Byte, Peta Byte, Exa Byte, Zetta Byte, Yotta Byte.
Primary Memory: Cache, RAM, ROM
Secondary Memory: Fixed and Removable storage - Hard Disk Drive, CD/DVD Drive, Pen Drive, Blue Ray Disk.
Input Output Ports/ Connections: Serial, Parallel and Universal Serial Bus, PS-2 port, Infrared port, Bluetooth, Firewire.

Unit 2: Programming Methodology

General Concepts: Clarity and simplicity of expressions, Use of proper names for identifiers, comments, indentation; documentation and program maintenance; running and debugging programs, syntax errors, run-time errors, logical errors
Problem solving methodologies: Understanding of the problem, solution for the problem, breaking down solution into simple steps (modular approach), identification of arithmetic and logical operations required for solution; control structure- conditional control and looping (finite and infinite).
Problem Solving: Introduction to algorithms/flowcharts.

Unit 3: Introduction to Python

Getting Started: Introduction to Python - an integrated high level language, interactive mode and script mode. Data types –Number (Integer - boolean, decimal, octal, hexadecimal; Floating point; Complex), none, Sequence (String,Tuples, List ) Sets, Mapping.
Mutable and Immutable Variables
Variables, Expressions and Statements: Values, Variables and keywords; Operators and Operands in Python: (Arithmetic, relational and logical operators), operator precedence, Expressions and Statements (Assignment statement); Taking input (using raw_input() and input()) and displaying output (print statement); Putting Comments.
Functions: Importing Modules (entire module or selected objects), invoking built in functions, functions from math module (for example, ceil, floor, fabs, exp, log, log10, pow, sqrt, cos, sin, tan, degrees, radians), using random() and randint() functions of random module to generate random numbers, composition.
Defining functions, invoking functions, passing parameters (default parameter values, keyword arguments), scope of variables, void functions and functions returning values, flow of execution
Conditional constructs and looping: if else statement while, for (range function), break, continue, else, pass, nested if, nested loops, use of compound expression in conditional and looping construct.

Unit 4: Programming with Python

Strings: Creating, initialising and accessing the elements; string operators: +, *, in, not in, range slice [n:m]; comparing strings using relational operators; String functions & methods: len, capitalize, find, isalnum, isalpha, isdigit, lower, islower, isupper, upper, lstrip, rstrip, isspace, istitile, partition, replace, join, split, count, decode, encode, swapcase, String constants, Regular Expressions and Pattern Matching
Lists: Concept of mutable lists, creating, initializing and accessing the elements, traversing, appending, updating and deleting elements, composition, lists as arguments
List operations: joining, slicing, + , * , in , not in
List functions and methods: len( ), insert( ), append( ), extend( ), sort( ), remove( ), reverse( ), pop( ), list( ), count( ), extend( ), index( ), cmp( ), max( ), min( )
Dictionaries: Concept of key-value pair, creating, initialising and accessing the elements in a dictionary, traversing, appending updating and deleting elements
Dictionary Functions and methods: cmp( ), len( ), clear( ), get( ), has_key( ), items( ), key( ), update( ), values( ), pop( ), fromkeys( ), dict( )
Tuples: Immutable concept, creating, initialising and accessing elements in a tuple, Tuple assignment, Tuple slices, Tuple indexing,
Tuple Functions: cmp(), len(), max(), min(), tuple(), index(), count(), sum(), any(), all(), sorted(), reversed()

Unit 3: Introduction To C++

Getting Started: C++ character set, C++ Tokens (Identifiers, Keywords, Constants, Operators,), Structure of a C++ Program (include files, main function), Header files – iostream.h, iomanip.h, cout, cin; use of I/O operators (<<and>>), Use of endl and setw ( ), Cascading of I/O operators, compilation , Error Messages; Use of editor, basic commands of editor, compilation, linking and execution.
Data Types, Variables and Constants: Concept of Data types; Built-in Data types: char, int, float and double; Constants: Integer Constants, Character constants - \n, \t, \b), Floating Point Constants, String Constants; Access modifier; Variables of built-in-datatypes, Declaration/Initialization of variables, Assignment statement, Type modifier: signed, unsigned, long
Operator and Expressions: Operators: Arithmetic operators (-,+,*,/,%),Assignment operator(=),C++ shorthands (+=,- =,*=,/=,%=) Unary operator (-), Increment(++) and Decrement (--) Operators, Relation operator (>,>=,<=,=,!=), Logical operators (!,&&,II),Conditional operator; Precedence of Operators; Automatic type conversionin expressions, Type casting;

Unit 4: Programming In C++

Flow of control: 
Conditional statements: if else, Nested if, switch..case..default, Nestedswitch..case, break statement (to be used in switch..case only); Loops: while, do - while, for and Nested loops
Inbuilt Functions
  • Standard input/output functions - stdio.h: gets ( ), puts ( )
  • Character Functions - Ctype.h: isalnum ( ), isalpha ( ),isdigit ( ), islower ( ), isupper ( ), tolower ( ), toupper ( )
  • String Function - string.h: strcpy ( ), strcat ( ), strlen ( ), strcmp ( ), strcmpi ( ), strev ( ),strlen ( ), strupur ( ), strlwr ( )
  • Mathematical Functions - math.h: fabs ( ), pow ( ), sgrt ( ), sin ( ), cos ( ), abs ( )
  • Other Functions - stdlib.h: randomize ( ), random ( )
Introduction to user-defined function and its requirements.
Defining a function; function prototype, Invoking/calling a function, passing arguments to function, specifying argument data types, default argument, constant argument, call by value, call by reference, returning values from a function, scope rules; local and global variables.
Relating to Parameters and return type concepts in built-in functions.
Structured Data Type:
Arrays: Introduction to Array and its advantages.
One Dimensional Array: Declaration/initialization of One-dimensional array, inputting array elements, accessingarray elements, manipulation of array elements (sum of elements, product of elements, average of elements, linear search, finding maximum/minimum value)
Declaration / Initialization of a String, string manipulations (counting vowels/ consonants/ digits/ special characters, case conversion, reversing a string, reversing each word of a string
Two-dimensional Array: Declaration/initialization of a two-dimensional array,inputting array elements accessing array elements, manipulationof array elements (sum of row element, column elements, diagonal elements, finding maximum / minimum values)
User-defined Data Types: Introduction to user defined data types.
Structure: Defining a Structure, declaring structure variables,accessing structure elements, passing structure to functions as value and reference, function returning structure, array of structure
Defining a symbol name using typedef keyword and defining a macro using #define preprocessor directive.

2017-2018 CBSE Class XI 11th Syllabus - Chemistry Class 11 Syllabus

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Course Structure

Unit Title Marks
I Basic Concepts of Chemistry 11
II Structure of Atom
III Classification of Elements & Periodicity in Properties 4
IV Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 21
V States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
VI Thermodynamics
VII Equilibrium
VIII Redox Reactions 16
IX Hydrogen
X s-Block Elements
XI Some p-Block Elements
XII Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles & Techniques 18
XIII Hydrocarbons
XIV Environmental Chemistry
  Total 70

Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

General Introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry.
Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

Unit II: Structure of Atom

Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thomson's model and its limitations. Rutherford's model and its limitations, Bohr's model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.

Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements -atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.

Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond; bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization, involving s,p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond.

Unit V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charles law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro's number, ideal gas equation. Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature, kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea)Liquid State- vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations)

Unit VI: Chemical Thermodynamics

Concepts of System and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions.
First law of thermodynamics -internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat,  measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution. Second law of Thermodynamics (brief introduction) 
Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibb's energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium.
Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction).

Unit VII: Equilibrium

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium - Le Chatelier's principle, ionic equilibrium-ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of poly basic acids, acid strength, concept of pH, Henderson Equation, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solution, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

Unit VIII: Redox Reaction

Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number, applications of redox reactions.

Unit IX: Hydrogen

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen, hydrides-ionic covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide -preparation, reactions and structure and use; hydrogen as a fuel.

Unit X: s -Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

Group 1 and Group 2 Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens, uses.
Preparation and Properties of Some Important Compounds:
Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydrogencarbonate, Biological importance of Sodium and Potassium. Calcium Oxide and Calcium Carbonate and their industrial uses, biological importance of Magnesium and Calcium.

Unit XI: Some p -Block Elements

General Introduction to p - Block Elements
Group 13 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group, Boron - physical and chemical properties, some important compounds, Borax, Boric acid, Boron Hydrides, Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalies, uses.
Group 14 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first elements. Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important compounds: oxides. Important compounds of Silicon and a few uses: Silicon Tetrachloride, Silicones, Silicates and Zeolites, their uses.

Unit XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Technique

General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

Unit XIII: Hydrocarbons

Classification of Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of - hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene: resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution. nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzene. Carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Unit XIV: Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution - air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smog, major atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming- pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategies for control of environmental pollution.
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